SYSDBA vs SYSOPER
According to Oracle documentation about administrative accounts and privileges, I compared their privileges between SYSDBA and SYSOPER as below:
| Allowed Actions | SYSDBA | SYSOPER |
|---|---|---|
| Perform STARTUP and SHUTDOWN operations |  | |
| ALTER DATABASE: open, mount, back up, or change character set | | Only open, mount and back up |
| CREATE DATABASE | |  |
| DROP DATABASE | | |
| CREATE SPFILE | | |
| ALTER DATABASE ARCHIVELOG | | |
| ALTER DATABASE RECOVER | | Only complete recovery |
| Includes the RESTRICTED SESSION privilege | | |
Please note that, SYSDBA and SYSOPER are system privileges, not roles.
Now I have a question for you: Do you know who has SYSDBA or SYSOPER privilege in the database?